Psychological and Philosophical Problems of Tolerance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15802/ampr.v0i26.319708Keywords:
tolerance, postmetaphysics, Christianity, dialogueness, authoritarianism, xenophobiaAbstract
Purpose. The purpose of the article is to formulate the uncontroversial principle of tolerance, taking into account the internal philosophical and psychological difficulties associated with its implementation in practice. Theoretical basis. The author proceeds from the insoluble problem of the very concept of "tolerance" and its psychological implementation. Not classical, but post-metaphysical psycho-religious method of promoting the idea of tolerance is proposed. This method was stated in the works by J. Derrida, P. Ricker, J. Caputo, G. Vattimo, R. Kearney, A. Shepherd, E. Newman, M. Moyaert, and others. The historical Christian type of tolerance (implementation of the principle of love for one’s neighbour) retains a significant potential for hidden aggression. This can be traced in the texts of the Holy Scripture and the fathers of the church. The division into friends and strangers based on the principle of confession remains relevant to this day. In addition, the religious component of tolerance tends to present it as self-worth, and not just an important socio-psychological parameter. The author points out that the application of Christian post-metaphysical approaches to this problem is the most philosophically coherent and psychologically effective. Originality. The article examines the internal semantic paradox of the idea of tolerance and methods of its promotion. The promotion of tolerance gives a rise to the suspicion of intolerance, which, being inherently intolerant, turns out to be a necessary component of the spread of the idea of tolerance. Typology of methods of introduction and promotion of tolerance (authoritarian, passive, psychological and religious), their main disadvantages and advantages are given. The main problems arising only at the level of philosophy and psychology are indicated. Conclusions. Historical Christianity is ineffective in achieving tolerance for a number of reasons: it is not sufficiently attentive to the individual, as it preserves the reasoning about the person in the categories of social formations (chosen people, etc.). The reality of God in classical texts was manifested by His violence in the past or in the future. The metaphysical basis of the principle of tolerance and the post-metaphysical understanding of hospitality return tolerance to its natural origin and provide a relevant basis for both interreligious dialogue and the removal of psychological tension between different cultural codes. The former models, which are proposed in the UNESCO Declaration, have a number of internal contradictions and are not effective enough in practice.
References
Caputo, J. (2007). What Would Jesus Deconstruct?: The Good News of Postmodernism for the Church. Baker Academic. (in English)
Caputo, J. (2022). Unconditional Hospitality – When the Other is not Welcome. Theological Reflections: Eastern European Journal of Theology, 20(2), 91-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29357/2789-1577.2022.20.2.7 (in Ukrainian)
Fiske, S. (2018). Social Beings: Core Motives in Social Psychology (4th ed.). Wiley. (in English)
Hjerm, M., Eger, M. A., Bohman, A., & Fors Connolly, F. (2020). A New Approach to the Study of Tolerance: Conceptualizing and Measuring Acceptance, Respect, and Appreciation of Difference. Social Indicators Research, 147(3), 897-919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02176-y (in English)
Kalmykova, L., Kharchenko, N., & Mysan, I. (2021). "I-language" i. e. "Individual language": The Problem of Functional Generalization. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS, 29(1), 59-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2021-29-1-59-99 (in Ukrainian)
Karhyna, N. V., & Rubskyi, V. N. (2020). Psychological problems of the foundations of ethics and morality. Habitus, (15), 143-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32843/2663-5208.2020.15.23 (in Russian)
Kite, M. E., Whitley, B. E., & Wagner, L. S. (2022). Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination (4th ed.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367809218 (in English)
Koriakina, A. A., Treytyakova, T. V., Ignatiev, V. P., & Olesova, S. G. (2019). Formation of tolerance in multicultural educational environment. Revista ESPACIOS, 40(9). Retrieved from https://www.revistaespacios.com/a19v40n09/a19v40n09p16.pdf (in English)
Kossowska, M., Szumowska, E., & Szwed, P. (2020). The Psychology of Tolerance in Times of Uncertainty. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367821487 (in English)
Kozachenko, N. (2022). Tolerance and criticality: intolerance to falsehood. Actual Problems of Mind, (23), 243-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/apm.7634 (in Ukrainian)
Marchuk, L. (2019). Language means of dichotomy realization of "tolerance / hostility" in ways of communication of mass media. Studia Ukrainica Posnaniensia, 7(2), 85-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/sup.2019.7.2.08 (in Ukrainian)
Rubskyi, V. M. (2019). Communication levels of the individual. Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research, (16), 24-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15802/ampr.v0i16.150217 (in English)
Shepherd, A. (2014). The Gift of the Other: Levinas, Derrida, and a Theology of Hospitality. Pickwick Publications. (in English)
Tsvietkova, Y. V. (2020). Pravova tradytsiia relihiinoi tolerantnosti v derzhavakh Yevropy z federatyvnym ustroiem (V st. do n. e. – XVII st.). Kyiv: Talkom. (in Ukrainian)
UNESCO. (1995). Declaration of Principles on Tolerance. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000151830
Vattimo, G. (2002). After Christianity (L. D’Isanto, Trans.). Columbia University Press. (in English)
Verkuyten, M. (2022). The Social Psychology of Tolerance. Routledge. (in English)
Verkuyten, M., & Kollar, R. (2021). Tolerance and intolerance: Cultural meanings and discursive usage. Culture & Psychology, 27(1), 172-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X20984356 (in English)
Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2020). The Negative Implications of Being Tolerated: Tolerance From the Target’s Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(3), 544-561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619897974 (in English)
Verkuyten, M., Yogeeswaran, K., & Adelman, L. (2023). The social psychology of intergroup tolerance and intolerance. European Review of Social Psychology, 34(1), 1-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2022.2091326 (in English)
Zhornova, M. M. (2014). Tolerantnist yak bahatorivneva kharakterystyka osobystosti studenta. Aktualni problemy psykholohii v zakladakh osvity, 4, 43-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31812/psychology.v4i.7425 (in Ukrainian)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 V. M. Rubskyi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).